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HelpTest Code BPGMM 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate Mutase, Full Gene Sequencing Analysis, Varies
Reporting Name
BPGM Full Gene SequencingUseful For
Diagnosing 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate mutase deficiency in individuals with lifelong, unexplained erythrocytosis
Identifying genetic variant carriers in family members of an affected individual for the purposes of preconception genetic counseling
This test is not intended for prenatal diagnosis.
Testing Algorithm
This evaluation is recommended for patients presenting with lifelong elevation in hemoglobin or hematocrit, usually with a positive family history of similar symptoms. Reported cases of 2,3- bisphosphoglycerate deficiency have been associated with decreased p50 values (left-shifted oxygen-dissociation curve). Due to the rarity of this disorder, other more common causes of erythrocytosis should be excluded prior to ordering; for more information see Erythrocytosis Evaluation Testing Algorithm .
Polycythemia vera and chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm should be excluded prior to testing as they are more common causes of elevated hemoglobin values. A JAK2 V617F or JAK2 exon 12 variant should not be present. Patient serum erythropoietin levels are typically normal or elevated.
Method Name
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)/Sanger Sequencing
Performing Laboratory
Mayo Clinic Laboratories in Rochester
Specimen Type
VariesOrdering Guidance
This test detects variants identifiable by Sanger sequencing in the BPGM gene only. For a reflexive evaluation including hemoglobin electrophoresis and variant analysis of genes associated with hereditary erythrocytosis, order REVE2 / Erythrocytosis Evaluation, Blood.
This test does not provide a serum erythropoietin (EPO) level. If EPO testing is desired, order EPO / Erythropoietin, Serum.
Necessary Information
Erythrocytosis Patient Information (T694) is strongly recommended, but not required, to be filled out and sent with the specimen. This information aids in providing a more thorough interpretation of test results. Ordering providers are strongly encouraged to complete the form and send it with the specimen.
Specimen Required
Submit only 1 of the following specimens:
Patient Preparation: Bone marrow transplants preclude accurate germline and genetic variant analysis. Inform the laboratory if this patient has undergone bone marrow transplantation. On rare occasions transfusion of blood products can preclude accurate genetic variant analysis, and results should be interpreted with caution if performed after recent transfusion (within 4 months).
Specimen Type: Whole blood
Container/Tube:
Preferred: Lavender top (EDTA)
Acceptable: Yellow top (ACD), green top (sodium heparin)
Specimen Volume: 4 mL
Collection Instructions:
1. Invert several times to mix blood.
2. Send whole blood specimen in the original tube. Do not aliquot
Specimen Stability Information: Ambient 14 days (preferred)/Refrigerate 30 days
Specimen Type: Extracted DNA from whole blood
Container/Tube: 1.5 to 2 mL tube
Specimen Volume: Entire specimen
Collection Instructions:
1. Label specimen as extracted DNA and source of specimen
2. Provide volume and concentration of the DNA
Specimen Stability Information: Frozen (preferred)/Refrigerate/Ambient
Specimen Minimum Volume
Blood: 1 mL; Extracted DNA: 50 mcL at 50 ng/mcL concentration
Specimen Stability Information
| Specimen Type | Temperature | Time | Special Container |
|---|---|---|---|
| Varies | Varies | ||
Reject Due To
| Gross hemolysis | Reject |
| Bone marrow Paraffin-embedded tissue Frozen tissue Paraffin-embedded bone marrow aspirate clot Methanol-acetic acid (MAA)-fixed pellets Moderately to severely clotted |
Reject |
Special Instructions
Reference Values
An interpretive report will be provided.
Day(s) Performed
Monday through Friday
CPT Code Information
81479
LOINC Code Information
| Test ID | Test Order Name | Order LOINC Value |
|---|---|---|
| BPGMM | BPGM Full Gene Sequencing | 94190-6 |
| Result ID | Test Result Name | Result LOINC Value |
|---|---|---|
| 37111 | BPGM Gene Sequencing Result | No LOINC Needed |
| 37112 | BPGM Interpretation | 69047-9 |
Clinical Information
Erythrocytosis (ie, increased red blood cell mass and elevated hemoglobin and hematocrit) may be primary, due to an intrinsic defect of bone marrow stem cells as in polycythemia vera (PV), or secondary, in response to increased serum erythropoietin (EPO) levels. Secondary erythrocytosis is associated with a number of disorders including chronic lung disease, chronic increase in carbon monoxide, cyanotic heart disease, high-altitude living, kidney cysts and tumors, hepatoma, and other EPO-secreting tumors. When these common causes of secondary erythrocytosis are excluded, a heritable cause involving hemoglobin or erythrocyte regulatory mechanism may be suspected.
Unlike PV, hereditary erythrocytosis is not associated with the risk of clonal evolution and most commonly presents as isolated erythrocytosis that has been present since childhood. Hereditary erythrocytosis may be caused by alterations in one of several genes and inherited in either an autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive manner.
Genetic variants causing hereditary erythrocytosis have been found in genes coding for alpha and beta hemoglobins, hemoglobin stabilization proteins (eg, 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate mutase: BPGM), the erythropoietin receptor (EPOR), and oxygen-sensing pathway enzymes (hypoxia-inducible factor: HIF, prolyl hydroxylase domain: PHD, and von Hippel Lindau: VHL), see Table. The true prevalence of variants causing hereditary erythrocytosis is unknown; however, very few cases of 2,3-BPG deficiency-associated hereditary erythrocytosis have been identified, and this disorder is thought to be rare.
Table. Erythrocytosis Testing
|
Gene |
Inheritance |
Serum EPO |
|
JAK2 V617F |
Acquired |
Decreased |
|
JAK2 exon 12 |
Acquired |
Decreased |
|
EPOR |
Dominant |
Decreased |
|
PHD2/EGLN1 |
Dominant |
Normal |
|
BPGM |
Recessive |
Normal |
|
Beta globin |
Dominant |
Normal to increased |
|
Alpha globin |
Dominant |
Normal to increased |
|
HIF2A/EPAS1 |
Dominant |
Normal to increased |
|
VHL |
Recessive |
Normal to increased |
Interpretation
An interpretive report will be provided and will include specimen information, assay information, and whether the specimen was positive for any variations in the gene. If positive, the alteration will be correlated with clinical significance, if known.
Cautions
This test does not detect large deletions and duplications in BPGM.
Polycythemia vera and acquired causes of erythrocytosis should be excluded before ordering this test.
Certain genetic alterations have no clinical manifestations and, in essence, are clinically benign. Correlation with all relevant clinical information is necessary to provide appropriate patient care.
Clinical Reference
1. Petousi N, Copley RR, Lappin TR, et al: Erythrocytosis associated with a novel missense mutation in the BPGM gene. Haematologica. 2014 Oct;99(10):e201-e204
2. Hoyer JD, Allen SL, Beutler E, Kubik K, West C, Fairbanks VF: Erythrocytosis due to bisphosphoglycerate mutase deficiency with concurrent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency. Am J Hematol. 2004 Apr;75(4):205-208
3. Rosa R, Prehu MO, Beuzard Y, Rosa J: The first case of a complete deficiency of diphosphoglycerate mutase in human erythrocytes. J Clin Invest. 1978 Nov;62(5):907-915
Method Description
DNA is extracted from whole peripheral blood and amplified in 4 separate polymerase chain reactions (PCR) to cover BPGM exons 1 through 4. PCR products are then sequenced by the Sanger sequencing method and analyzed with sequencing software. Patient sequence results are compared with the genomic reference sequences and the single-nucleotide variants known to occur in the genes. If a variant is detected, the messenger RNA reference sequence will be used to determine the amino acid number and resulting amino acid change if there is one.(Lemarchandel V, Joulin V: Compound heterozygosity in a complete erythrocyte bisphosphoglycerate mutase deficiency. Blood. 1992 Nov;80[10]:2643-2649; McMullin MF: Congenital erythrocytosis. IJLH 2016;38[Suppl. 1]:59-65)
Report Available
10 to 25 daysSpecimen Retention Time
Whole blood: 2 weeks; Extracted DNA: 3 monthsTest Classification
This test was developed and its performance characteristics determined by Mayo Clinic in a manner consistent with CLIA requirements. It has not been cleared or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.Forms
1. New York Clients-Informed consent is required. Document on the request form or electronic order that a copy is on file. The following documents are available:
-Informed Consent for Genetic Testing (T576)
-Informed Consent for Genetic Testing-Spanish (T826)
2. Erythrocytosis Patient Information (T694)
3. If not ordering electronically, complete, print, and send a Benign Hematology Test Request Form (T755) with the specimen.