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HelpTest Code PTEM Platelet Transmission Electron Microscopic Study, Whole Blood
Reporting Name
Platelet TEM, BUseful For
Diagnosing platelet disorders
Method Name
Transmission Electron Microscopy
Performing Laboratory
Mayo Clinic Laboratories in Rochester
Specimen Type
Whole Blood ACDShipping Instructions
Send specimen Monday through Wednesday.
Specimens must be received in testing laboratory within 72 hours of collection. Ship specimen overnight in an Ambient Shipping Box-Critical Specimens Only (T668) following the instructions in the mailer.
Necessary Information
Platelet Esoteric Testing Patient Information is required. Testing may proceed without the patient information, however, the information aids in providing a more thorough interpretation. Ordering providers are strongly encouraged to fill out the form and send with the specimen.
Specimen Required
Patient Preparation: Fasting is preferred but not required.
Supplies: Ambient Shipping Box-Critical Specimens Only (T668)
Collection Container/Tube:
Preferred: Yellow top (ACD, solution B)
Acceptable: Yellow top (ACD, solution A)
Specimen Volume: 6 mL
Collection Instructions: Send whole blood specimen in original tube. Do not aliquot.
Specimen Minimum Volume
3 mL
Specimen Stability Information
| Specimen Type | Temperature | Time | Special Container |
|---|---|---|---|
| Whole Blood ACD | Ambient | 72 hours |
Reject Due To
| Gross hemolysis | Reject |
| Gross lipemia | OK |
Special Instructions
Reference Values
Mean dense granules/platelet: ≥1.2
Day(s) Performed
Monday through Friday
CPT Code Information
85390
88348
LOINC Code Information
| Test ID | Test Order Name | Order LOINC Value |
|---|---|---|
| PTEM | Platelet TEM, B | 79768-8 |
| Result ID | Test Result Name | Result LOINC Value |
|---|---|---|
| CK109 | Platelet TEM | 79768-8 |
| CK110 | Interpretation | 59466-3 |
Clinical Information
Patients with either hereditary or acquired platelet disorders usually have bleeding diathesis, which can potentially be life threatening. A reliable laboratory diagnosis of a platelet disorder can significantly impact patients' and, potentially, their family members' clinical management and outcome.
Platelet transmission electron microscopy (PTEM) has been an essential tool for laboratory diagnosis of various hereditary platelet disorders since it was first used to visualize fibrin-platelet clot formation in 1955. PTEM employs 2 main methods to visualize platelet ultrastructure, whole mount (WM) TEM and thin section (TS) TEM.
WM-TEM is considered the gold standard test for diagnosing dense granule deficiencies in Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, alpha-delta platelet storage pool deficiency, Paris-Trousseau-Jacobsen syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, TAR (thrombocytopenia, absent radii) syndrome, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, and more.
TS-TEM is a preferred method to visualize platelet alpha granules, other organelles, and abnormal inclusions.
Platelet disorders that can be detected by PTEM include (but are not limited to):
Delta granules (dense bodies):
-Hermansky Pudlak syndrome
-Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
-Chediak Higashi syndrome
-Jacobson/Paris-Trousseau syndrome
-York platelet syndrome
-Storage pool deficiency, not otherwise specified
Alpha granules:
-Gray platelet syndrome
-White platelet syndrome
-X-linked GATA-1 variant
-Jacobson/Paris-Trousseau syndrome
Alpha and delta granules:
-Alpha-delta storage pool deficiency
Interpretation
Ultrastructural abnormalities identified by platelet transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are evaluated by a Mayo hematopathologist.
Platelet size, alpha granules, Golgi complex, and abnormal inclusions will be assessed as part of the morphologic examination under TEM.
Distinct and sometimes pathognomonic ultrastructural abnormalities are found in Hermansky Pudlak syndrome, gray platelet syndrome with virtually absent alpha granules, white platelet syndrome, Medich giant platelet disorder, X-linked GATA-1 macrothrombocytopenia, and, recently described, York platelet syndrome.
Cautions
ACD whole blood specimens must be stored and transported at ambient temperature to be received within 72 hours of collection. Suboptimal transportation may cause falsely low dense granule counts.
Supportive Data
Extensive validation studies with normal donors and known patient samples were performed. A total 111 normal donor platelet samples were assessed to establish the baseline. Of the 10 known patient samples, 6 were from patients with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, 2 patients had gray platelet syndrome, 1 had MYH9 variant-associated platelet disorder, and 1 had Paris-Trousseau/Jacobson syndrome.
Clinical Reference
1. White JG. Electron-dense chains and clusters in platelets from patients with storage pool-deficiency disorders. J Thromb Haemost. 2003;1(1):74-79. doi:10.1046/j.1538-7836.2003.00032.x
2. White JG. Use of the electron microscope for diagnosis of platelet disorders. Semin Thromb Hemost. 1998;24(2):163-168. doi:10.1055/s-2007-995836
3. Chen D, Uhl CB, Bryant SC, et al. Diagnostic laboratory standardization and validation of platelet transmission electron microscopy. Platelets. 2018;29(6):574-582. doi:10.1080/09537104.2018.1476682
Method Description
This test identifies dense granule deficiency by semiquantitative counting of dense granules on whole mount grids by technologists and verified by a hematopathologist/hematologist.
Whole mount-transmission electron microscopy is a quick and simple way to examine platelet electron opaque or dense granule (DG) by laying platelet-rich plasma on an electron microscopy grid. The high content of calcium in DG blocks electron beam of transmission electron microscopy and creates a sharp dark shadow.(White JG. The dense bodies of human platelets: inherent electron opacity of the serotonin storage particles. Blood. 1969;33[4]:598-606; Winey M, Meehl JB, O'Toole ET, Giddings TH Jr. Conventional transmission electron microscopy. Mol Biol Cell. 2014;25[3]:319-323. doi:10.1091/mbc.E12-12-0863)
Report Available
10 daysSpecimen Retention Time
Not retainedTest Classification
This test was developed and its performance characteristics determined by Mayo Clinic in a manner consistent with CLIA requirements. It has not been cleared or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.Forms
1. Platelet Esoteric Testing Patient Information is required.
2. If not ordering electronically, complete, print, and send a Coagulation Test Request (T753) with the specimen.